Sayfalar
SILVER PLATING WITHOUT A BATTERY, HOW TO MAKE SILVER PLATING WITHOUT A BATTERY?
This process is more particularly adapted to the plating of small articles, where they are not subject to much wear, and consequently only a very thin coating of silver is required; the deposit looking fully as well as articles plated by the battery process.
The following solutions we have selected from a large number as being the most economical ; and at the same time, simple and efficacious, and are used by adding sufficient warm water to them to form a thin paste, and rubbing it over the articles with a soft rag, or stirring them about in it until they have become thoroughly coated. 1st. Take equal parts of chloride of silver and cream of tarter. 2d. Take common salt and cream of tarter each six parts, chloride of silver one part and about two parts of alum. A good liquid solution is made by dissolving in boiling water a mixture composed of chloride of silver one part and cream of tarter sixty or eighty parts. The articles to be plated should be placed in a small basket and immersed and stirred around in the boiling liquid.
The above mentioned solutions can only be used for plating articles of brass, copper or Ger¬man silver, or articles of other metals that have previously received a coating of copper. The liquid solution, after continued use, becomes of a greenish color, caused by the presence of cop¬per, dissolved from articles that have been plated in it. The presence of the least particle of iron, steel, lead or brittannia metal, causes the copper to be deposited, thus spoiling the appearance of the articles. An old solution, however, will work much better than a new one, provided it has been well taken care of and has been properly managed, and it may be renewed b> occasionally adding small quantities of chloride of silver, and thus kept in good order for a
long time. In using these solutions, as well as all other- plating solutions, the articles to be plated must first be made very clean and smooth, and the solutions kept at a uniform temperature.
MANAGEMENT OF NICKEL PLATING SOLUTIONS
Nickel is a metal that is seldom obtained in its pure state. It generally containing traces of copper, carbon and other impurities which, dis¬solving with the anode, are either deposited or fall to the bottom and form a black sediment. It is a difficult matter to obtain a heavy deposit of nickel, owing to its tendency to crack and scale off, but for ordinary work there is no par¬ticular necessity in having a thick deposit, as% it is so extremely hard that a very thin coating will, with ordinary usage, last for years where a deposit of silver equally as thick would scarcely last as many months. Nickel is not affected to any great extent by exposure to the air or coal smoke, and in this respect it possesses an ad-vantage over silver which is easily tarnished by exposure to sulphuretted gases. Nickel is very easily corroded by acids and iorms very poison¬ous compounds, and for this reason should never be used, for plating the interior of vessels used in cooking ; but for plating such articles as cream pitchers, sugar bowls, drinking cups, etc., it possesses the great advantage of being capable of retaining its polish and resisting rough usage for a long time.
From one to three cells of battery will gener¬ally be sufficient; too much battery causing the metal to be deposited in the form of a black powder. The anode, either in the form of a plate of nickel, or composed of fragments of nickel suspended in a platinum wire net work, should be attached to the wire leading from the copper pole of the battery, and the previously cleaned articles, after being placed in the^splu-tion, should be attached to the wire leading from the zinc pole of the battery and kept in gentle but constant motion and as near as pos¬sible to the anode without coming in actual con¬tact with it, until they have acquired a sufficient
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deposit, when they may be taken out and well rinsed in hot water and dried by rolling them about in hot sawdust. All the solutions we have given should be used at a temperature of from^ioo0 to 1500 Fahr.
ELECTRO NICKEL PLATING, HOW TO MAKE ELECTRO NICKEL PLATING?
Another, and a very good solution for electro-nickel plating, is simply solution of chloride of nickel, and^yields a very white and brilliant de-posit. Still another solution is composed of sulphate of nickel two parts, tartaric acid (dis¬
solved in water) one part, and potash (concen¬trated lye) one-tenth part, or the tartaric acid and potash may be a very little in excess of the figures given without injuring the solution. This solution we think is capable of giving bet¬ter results than either of the others, and is much more simple in its preparation. There are quite a number of other solutions used to a greater or less extent by different electro platers, but their preparation and maintenance involve difficult and complex operations that necessitate a thorough knowledge of chemistry and for that reason would be out of place here.
ELECTRO NICKEL PLATING, HOW TO MAKE ELECTRO NICKEL PLATING?
There are quite a number of solutions used by different platers, for depositing nickel by means of the electric current, any of which are capable of doing excellent work, but in the hands of an inexperienced person, they all prove rather difficult to manage. The simplest, and perhaps the best solution, is made by adding slowly to a solution of nitrate, or chloride of nickel, a solution of cyanide of potassium as long as a precipitate, or cloud is formed, pour off the clear liquid. Wash the precipitate, and dissolve it in a strong solution of cyanide of potassium, adding a very little more of the cyanide solution, than is required simply to dis¬solve it.
Another, and a very good solution for electro-nickel plating, is simply solution of chloride of nickel, and^yields a very white and brilliant de-posit. Still another solution is composed of sulphate of nickel two parts, tartaric acid (dis¬
solved in water) one part, and potash (concen¬trated lye) one-tenth part, or the tartaric acid and potash may be a very little in excess of the figures given without injuring the solution. This solution we think is capable of giving bet¬ter results than either of the others, and is much more simple in its preparation. There are quite a number of other solutions used to a greater or less extent by different electro platers, but their preparation and maintenance involve difficult and complex operations that necessitate a thorough knowledge of chemistry and for that reason would be out of place here.
MOSEL PLATING WITHOUT A BATTERY, HOW TO MAKE MOSEL PLATING WITHOUT A BATTERY?
Thoroughly cleaned articles of copper, brass, and German silver, and articles of iron, steel, pewter, type metal etc., that have pre¬viously received a deposit of copper by the battery process, may be coated with nickel very readily in the following solution : Add to a boiling solution of pure tin tarter, a small quan¬tity of nickel oxide heated to redness, which will impart a greenish tint to the liquid. Use the solution hot, and stir the articles about in it with a brass rod until they have acquired a good deposit, then take them out, wash and dry them, and if necessary, polish them with finely powdered chalk This solution should yield a very brilliant deposit and is comparatively easy to manage, but the immersion of the least par¬ticle of zinc or iron in it will greatly impair its action, and perhaps ruin it.
PREPARING ARTICLES TO BE PLATED,HOW TO PREPARING ARTICLES TO BE PLATED?
All articles to be plated must first be made scrupulously clean, in order to obtain a good firm deposit. A great many failures may be attributed to the neglect of this very important step. They should first be filed or scraped, or otherwise made as smooth as possible, then immersed for a short time, in a strong and hot solution of potash, (concentrated lye) and then rinsed well in clean water.
A very good scraper can be easily made by grinding down the sides of a three cornered file until it is perfectly smooth, and finishing up on an oil stone, thus leaving three sharp cutting edges. Articles that have been soldered, must not be allowed to remain long in the potash solution, or a portion of the tin contained in the solder will be dissolved, and deposited on the articles, should they be copper or brass, and blacken them. Articles of copper, or brass, require only a few seconds immersion, those of iron, or steel, a somewhat longer time. All articles should be well washed in clean water, immediately after taking them out of the potash solution, after which they should be treated with some of the different acid solutions, in order to more fully prepare the surface for the depositing solution. All articles of copper, brass, or German silver, should be dipped into a solution consisting of water four parts, sulphuric acid four parts, nitric acid two parts, to which a very small quantity of muriatic acid may be added. Articles of iron should be dipped in a mixture composed of one part of sulphuric acid and fifteen or twenty parts of water, and then well washed. Articles of lead, brittannia metal, or pewter, after having been treated with the potash solution and rinsed may be placed at once in the plating solution. It is a much better plan, however, to coat them, and articles of iron and steel also, with a thin film oi copper by means of one of the following solutions before attempting to plate them with either gold, silver or nickel. For depositing a thin coating of copper on iron or steel use a weak and slightly acidulated solution of sulphate of copper, (blue vitriol) rub the titikhs briskly with a cloth moistened with this liquid, and as soon as they have the desired appearance, wash them well and dry them quickly ; or they may simply be immersed in the liquid for a short time, and then thoroughly washed, and dried. This solution is not adapted for any other metals except iron and steel, and is not always certain • in its operation. The surest, and best way is to use a battery and an alkaline solution, which may be prepared in the following manner: Add to a solution of sulphate of copper, a solution of cyanide of potassium just as long, but no longer than it forms a precipitate ; the cyanide solution should be added slowly, and towards the last in small quantities at a time, with frequent stirring, carefully observing when it no longer forms a precipitate, which is cyanide of copper. Allow it to settle, and pour off the clear liquid, wash the precipitate well by filling the vessel with water, stirring it up, and aftei it has settled again pouring off the water, repeating the operation several times, in order to remove all traces of acid, then add to the wet cyanide of copper, a little more of a solution of cyanide of potassium than is required simply to dissolve it, that is, add the ^cyanide of potassium solution, to the wet cyanide of copper, until it is all dissolved ; then add a little more of the cyanide solution to form what is termed "free cyanide." This solution should be used at a temperature of about 1500 Fahr. A battery of from one to three cells, such as are used in all telegraph offices, will be sufficient for all ordinary opera tions. To use this solution, immerse in it a clean sheet of copper and attach it to the wire leading from the copper pole of the battery, and the previously well cleaned articles of iron, steel, lead, brittannia metal, and in fact almost any metal to the wire leading from the zinc pole of the battery. The articles should be immersed in the solution before being connected to the battery, and the wire should be detached from them before taking them out of it, The amount of battery should be adjusted to the amount of surface presented by the articles to be plated. The smaller the articles, the less battery power will be required. A number of small articles may be attached to each other, or to the same wire, and be plated at one time. If too much battery be used, the copper will be deposited in the form of a dark metallic powder. This solution is rather difficult to manage, and is more expensive than a simple acidulated solution of sulphate of copper. This latter solution, however, cannot be used to plate iron, steel, lead, brittannia metal, etc., unless they have previously received a thin deposit of copper in the cyanide solution. The sulphate solution is used in precisely the same manner as the cyanide solution, and where heavy deposits are desired, it is much to be. preferred. In coppering articles in this way, preparatory to plating them with another metal, a thin deposit will be sufficient, but as we have stated before, the sulphate solution will not answer, unless the articles have previously received a thin deposit of copper, and we must per force first use the cyanide solution, or in the case of iron and steel resort to the rather uncertain method of rubbing them with a rag, moistened with a slightly acidulated solution of the sulphate. After removing the articles from the solution, they should be well washed and examined, and if any imperfections be discovered, the cleaning and scouring operation will have to be done over again, and tiV plating repeated, but by using a proper amount of care the first attempt will generally prove successful.
Metal Kaplama Yöntemleri Nelerdir?
Galvaniz Kaplama Nedir, Nasıl Yapılır?
Metalizasyon Nedir, Schoop metodu Nedir?
Metalizasyon, okside olmayan bir madeni oksi-asetilen üflecinde ergitip, ergimiş durumda parça üzerine pülverize etme işlemidir. Buna Schoop metodu da denir. Bu sistem gün geçtikçe daha fazla kullanılmaktadır. Schoop pülverizatörü bir tabanca şeklindedir. İlave malzeme tel veya pudra şeklinde malzemeye gelmekte ve bunu bir basınçlı hava hortumu ile asetilen ve oksijen hortumları takip etmektedir. Oksi-asetilen aleviyle ergiyen pudra veya tel, basınçlı havanın etkisiyle toz halinde parçaya yapışmaktadır. Bu şekilde kaplanmış yüzeyler metalize edilmiş olur. Bu işlemde kullanılan ilave metal, çinko, kurşun, kalay, bakır ve alüminyumdur.
Sistem en küçüğünden en büyüğüne kadar her türlü mil, krank, şaft, yatak, vb. motor ve makine aksamının doldurulmasından sonra başarı ile iş görmektedir. Sistemin diğer başarılı kullanım alanları ise, her çeşit korozyon konularıdır. Hava, su, ısı, asit ve korozif atmosferden meydana gelen korozyon olaylarında malzemeyi yerine göre 25 – 50 yıl süreyle tamamıyla önleyebilmektedir. Ayrıca yatırım masrafları da bu sayede oldukça düşürülmektedir. Çünkü metal püskürtme, korozyona karşı yalnız mekaniksel bir koruma tabakası oluşturmakla kalmayıp alt tabakadaki iş yüzeyini elektrolitik olarak korozyona karşı korumaktadır.
Koruyucu Örtüler Ve Yağlar Nasıl Yapılır?
Bunların haricinde koruma malzemesi olarak az da olsa gresler, vazelinler ve vernikler de kullanılmaktadır.
Ziftleme Nasıl Yapılır?
Çok fazla tozlu ve pis ortamlarda çalışan ve ulaşılması kolay olmayan metal parçalarının yüzeylerine, uzun süreli olarak korozyondan korunmak için zift sürülmektedir. Ziftleme; genellikle çatı, kule , köprü ve yer altı boru tesisatları gibi büyük kontrüksiyonların metal parçalarını korozyondan korunmak için yapılan bir işlemdir. Ayrıca uzun süre kullanılmayacak ve bir depoda veya açık havada kalacak metal eşyalar için de uygulanmaktadır.
Boya ile Kaplama Nasıl Yapılır?
1. Metale ve ortama en uygun boyanın seçimine,
2. Metal yüzeyinin iyi hazırlanmasına,
3. Uygulama yönteminin doğru seçilmesine,
4. Uygulama koşullarının (sıcaklık, nem, ortam kirliliği vb.) uygun olmasına,
bağlıdır. Boya uygulamaları çok değişik şekillerde yapılmaktadır. Bunlar;
- Fırça ile boyama uygulaması,
- Döner merdane ile boya uygulaması,
- Püskürtme ile boya uygulaması,
- Daldırma ile boya uygulaması,
- Akıtma ile boya uygulaması,
- Perde ile boya uygulaması,
- Döner varil ile boya uygulaması,
- Elektrostatik yöntem,
- Elektroforetik yöntem,
dir. Tarım alet ve makinaları imalatında daha çok püskürtme yöntem tercih edilmekte, daldırma yöntemi de ancak küçük parçaların boyanmasında kullanılmaktadır. İmalatçıları genel yapılarından dolayı imalatta tek katlı boya uygulaması yapılmakta, bir başka deyişle astar boya uygulaması yapılmamaktadır. Oysa korozyona maruz kalan tüm tarım alet ve makinalarında çok katlı boya uygulaması yapılması zorunludur. Çok katlı boya uygulaması üç aşamada yapılmaktadır.
Birinci aşamada, korozyona karşı asıl korumayı yapan primer tabaka katmanı oluşturulur. Ayrıca primer katmanın yüksek iç mukavemette ve uygun esneklikte olması gerekmektedir. İkinci aşamada, ara katman oluşturulur ki, bu katman toplam kaplama kalınlığının önemli bir bölümünü oluşturmaktadır. Bu tabaka yüksek kimyasal dirençte, su buharı geçişini engelleyici yapıda, elektriksel dirence sahip ve çok iyi yapışabilme özelliğinde olmalıdır. Son katman ise örtü tabakasıdır ve kaplama sistemini koruyucu, temasta olunan ortam ya da ortamlara ilk engel olmalı ve görünüşü de oldukça iyi olmalıdır.
1)
2)
Şekil 19. 1) Boyasının özelliği kaybolduğu için kullanılamaz hale gelmiş bir rototiller, 2) Korozyon dayanımını artırmak üzere boyanmış rototiller.
Boya uygulamalarında kullanılan boyanın da korozyon üzerinde etkisi bulunmaktadır. Uygulamada tarım alet ve makinaları imalatçıları daha ucuz ve kalite açısından düşük olan yaş boya malzemelerini tercih etmektedirler. Püskürtme yönteminin ağırlıklı olarak kullanılması sonucunda hem boya kalitesi açısından hem de görünüş açısından istenildiği gibi korozyondan korunma ortamı sağlanamamaktadır.
Son yıllarda diğer sanayi uygulamalarına giren toz boya uygulaması ülkemizdeki tarım alet ve makinaları imalatçılarının her birisinde görülmemektedir. Oysa bu tip boya uygulaması ile hem boyadan tutum sağlanabilmekte, hem de boya kalitesi arttırılabilmektedir. Çünkü toz boya uygulamalarında, elektrostatik çekim yoluyla özellikle köşelerde ve keskin kenarlarda çok yüksek boya kalitesi elde edilebilmektedir. Termoset toz boyaların genel makine imalatında kullanılması, yakın bir gelecekte de tarım makinaları imalatında da kullanılabileceğinin bir göstergesidir. Ancak buna uygun proseslerin maliyeti imalatçılar açısından altından kalkılması oldukça zor bir durum olarak göze çarpmaktadır.
Plastik Kaplama Nasıl Yapılır?
PAslandırmaz Banyo Nasıl Yapılır?
Emaye ile Kaplama Nasıl Yapılır?
İnorganik Kaplamalar Nasıl Yapılır?
Tarım makinaları imalatında son yıllarda geniş anlamda plastik türevli malzemelerin kullanılmaya başlaması ile inorganik kaplamalar içerisinde yer alan camsı emaye kaplamalar önemini yitirmiştir. Daha çok suyun ve ilacın kullanıldığı tarım alet ve makinalarında kullanılan emayelerinde böylece miktarı çok az düzeye düşmüştür. Aynı şekilde sulama borularında kullanılan çelik ve dökme boruların iç ve dış yüzeylerinde korozyondan korunmak için kullanılan çimento kaplama da son yıllarda yerini plastik türevli malzemelere bırakmıştır.
Metal Olmayan Kaplamalar
Boya ve organik maddeler içeren metal olmayan diğer kaplamalar, esas olarak parça yüzeylerinin korunması ve görünümlerinin iyileştirilmesi için kullanılır. Boya, malzeme yüzeyinde koruyucu bir film oluşturur ve bu film çatlamadığı veya soyulmadığı sürece metal malzemeyi korozyondan korur.